Research Publications

Academic theses and dissertations are regularly published and widely disseminated in YUOE Journal, Monographs, Universities Research Journal (URJ), Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (MAAS) Journal, AsTEN Research Journal and International online Journals for sharing knowledge and contributing to the development of our education.

Myanmar Academy of Art & Science List of Research

No. Researcher Title Abstract Year
321 Tin Myo Win EXTRACTION OF ANTIFUNGAL METABOLITE FROM ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM BAUHINIA VARIEGATA L. (SWE-DAW-NI) Six medicinal plants were collected from Pathein University Campus. Ten endophytic fungi were isolated from these plants by surface sterilization method. The isolated fungal strains were given temporary names as TMO-1 to TMO-10. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated fungal strains was evaluated by the agar well diffusion assay with ten test organisms. Nearly all strains showed the antimicrobial activity. Among them, fungus TMO-4 from Bauhinia variegata L. (Swe-daw-ni) was screened for further investigations based on the results of antifungal activity especially against Candida albicans. In the fermentation conditions of this selected fungus, various carbon and nitrogen sources were utilized for the growth phase and maximum antifungal activity. These strains showed the moderate growth on glucose, glycerol and fructose. In the nitrogen source, TMO-4 exhibited the excellent growth on yeast extract (36.09 mm). The fermentation medium-1 gives the highest antifungal activity (29.45 mm) consisted of glucose and yeast extract for carbon and nitrogen source, 4 days age of culture (28.11 mm), 10 % inoculum size (30.03 mm), shaking culture (30.86 mm), temperature 25 ?C (30.00 mm) and pH 5 (29.93 mm). In the extraction of antifungal metabolites, fermented broth of TMO-4 was extracted by using four solvent systems. The ethyl acetate extract was the most suitable solvent system with Rf value of 0.80. Three isolated compounds A, B and C were identified by using modern spectroscopic methods such as UV, FT IR and GC-MS and found to be coumarin derivative, dibutyl phthalate and steroid derivative respectively. 2019
322 Yee Yee Thin FERMENTATION, EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED SOIL FUNGUS (YTF 8) FROM KAN GYI DAUNG TOWNSHIP, AYEYARWADY REGION Soil samples were collected from 5-different places of Kan Gyi Daung Township. Eighteen fungi were isolated from these 5-different soil samples. Soil was analyzed at the Applied Geology Department, Yangon University. Isolation of fungi was undertaken by the physical and chemical treatment method. The soil fungi were isolated by using Low Carbon Agar medium for first culture and Potato Glucose Agar medium for pure culture. The isolated fungi were given as temporary names YTF 1 to YTF 18. The purpose of this study was to screen for antimicrobial metabolite production and effect of variation of carbon and nitrogen sources. In this study, thirteen fungal strains were tested by agar well diffusion method with three kinds of test organisms. YTF 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18 showed antimicrobial activity and the remaining five fungi YTF 3, 4, 10, 13 and 14 did not show the activity. The selected fungi (YTF 1, 7, 8, 11, 15 and 16) showed antimicrobial activity against on Agrobacterium tumefaciens, while YTF 1, 2, 7, 8, 15 and 16 showed the activity on Candida albicans. Especially YTF 8 gave the best activities on Candida albicans. The fermentation conditions of YTF 8 was carried out by the studies of proper age, size and different carbon and nitrogen sources on antimicrobial metabolite production on Candida albicans. The 5 days was found to be optimum fermentation period. In the size of inoculum, 5 %, 15 % and 20 % were used and 20 % was suitable condition. Moderate growth and the best antimicrobial production of selected fungus (YTF 8) was observed in both carbon and nitrogen sources. The addition of potato as a carbon source resulted in the maximum growth and the inhibition zones reached 33.96 mm in YTF 8. YTF 8 showed the moderate growth on almost all nitrogen sources. The inhibition zone of YTF 8 was 32.90 mm on peptone. The present study was focused on fermentation, extraction and identification of selected soil fungus. Firstly, fermentation was carried by the fermentation medium (FM) with the different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources. In the different carbon concentrations, FM 6 (glucose 1.5 g) gave the moderate antifungal activity (39.62 mm) followed by using (glucose 1 g) in FM 5 (31.52 mm) and (glucose 2 g) in FM 7 (31.51 mm) against Candida albicans respectively. In the nitrogen concentrations, FM 14 (peptone 1 g) exhibited the highest activity (30.83 mm). And then, the effect of pH was studied by varying pH of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. In extraction of antifungal metabolites, YTF 8 was observed by four solvents. Among the four solvents, ethyl acetate was found as the most suitable solvent and Rf value had 0.81. And then, the fungal culture filtrates were studied by various ratios (1:1, 2:1, 3:1 v/v) of ethyl acetate and various pH. Among them, the ethyl acetate extract (1:1) demonstrated the highest activity (30.45 mm) at pH 6 showed highest inhibitory effect against Candida albicans. Finally, the selected fungus YTF 8 was identified. According to the results, the surface color of YTF 8 was pale yellow and the reverse colour was yellow. The microscopic character of YTF 8 was conidial heads on PGA radiate, conidiophores: long, vesicle: pyriform, sterigmata: uniseriate, phialides: ampliform. Therefore, YTF 8 was identified as Aspergillus clavatus. 2019
323 Ye Min Htet DETERMINATION OF THE ELEMENTAL CONTENT OF THE SEED AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEED OIL OF ANNONA SQUAMOSA L. (Aw-Za) This research work deals with the determination of elemental contents and physicochemical properties of Annona squamosa seeds were collected from Paukkhaung Township, Bago Region. The elemental contents of seeds sample was determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) methods. The EDXRF spectrum of the seeds sample indicated that the seeds contain 0.474 % K, 0.210 % P, 0.198 % Ca, 0.168 % S, 0.003 % Fe and Mn, 0.002 % Zn and Cu, 0.001 % Os and 98.938 % C-OH in relative abundance. According to EDXRF results, K is higher content than other elements such as P, Ca. The elements S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Os were observed as the trace elements. Quantitative elemental analysis of sample was done by using AAS methods. The sample contains calcium (9.107 ppm), copper (0.024 ppm), magnesium (8.025 ppm), zinc (0.780 ppm), manganese (0.543 ppm), chromium (0.001 ppm). Moreover, the toxic element such as cadmium (0.164 ppm) and lead (0.395 ppm) were observed. A. squamosa seeds were extracted with petroleum ether by two methods using Soxhlet and mechanical expeller. The yield percent of oil obtained by two methods were 25.62 % and 22.84 % respectively. The functional group of extracted oil sample was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT IR) spectroscopic method. According to the spectral data which indicated that the extracted oil sample from A. squamosa seed may be triglyceride. Moisture content of A. squamosa seed was determined by oven drying method and it was found to be 4.65 %. In addition, the seed oil obtained by mechanical expression method was chosen for the determination of physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties of A. squamosa seed oil (degummed oil) were determined by American Oil Chemistry Society (A.O.C.S) method such as acid value (1.89 mg KOH/g), iodine value (79.43 mg I2/g), saponification value (186.53 %), peroxide value (7.74 mg/1000g), viscosity (42.68 mm2/s), specific gravity (0.816) were observed. 2019
324 Aung Aung APPLICATION OF RICE STRAW BASED ORGANIC FERTILIZER FOR CHILLI AND ONION CULTIVATION AND SOIL FERTILITY Today fertilizer has become essential to modern agriculture to feed the growing population.This research work concerns with studies on the preparation of organic fertilizers from rice straw, chicken manure and neem leaves, on the growth and yield of the selected crops: chilli and onion. The crops (chilli and onion) were cultivated in the farm (Kun Chan Village, Taungdwingyi Township, Magway Region). The organic fertilizers were prepared by five different weight ratios (1:1:1) (rice straw , chicken manure, neem leaves ) for OF-1 (organic fertilizer 1), (8 : 3 :1) for OF-2 , (8 : 1 : 3) for OF-3, (12.5 : 1.5 : 1) for OF-4, (12.5:1 : 1.5) for OF-5. The NPK content OF-1 contains (2.17%, 1.52%, 1.66%), OF-2 (1.70%, 0.83%, 1.48%), OF-3 (1.73%, 0.69%, 1.37%), OF-4 (1.56%, 0.91%, 1.35%), OF-5 (1.24%, 0.85%, 1.06%). The NPK content of OF-1 is highest among five organic fertilizers. The K content of OF-2 is higher than OF- 3, OF- 4 and OF-5. OF-1 was chosen for chilli plant because these plants require abundant N, P, K ratio. OF-2 was chosen for onion plant because these plants require abundant P, K and fair N. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design. There are two treatments and three replications, T-1 (control without fertilizer), T-2, T-3, T-4 (OF-1 for chilli plant and OF-2 for onion plant). In this experiment, soil sample analysis before cultivation and after harvesting, determination of plant height during cultivation and after harvesting, the yield components such as number of fruits per plant and weight of fruits were measured and yields were estimated. The total N and organic carbon contents of soil sample 1, 2 and 3 are (0.09%, 0.24%, 0.21%) and (0.68%, 1.69%, 1.39%) before cultivation. After chilli plant was harvested, the total N and organic carbon content of T-1,2,3,4 (OF-1, 6 t/ha) are (0.05%, 0.21%, 0.24%, 0.20%) and (0.60%, 1.56%, 1.55%, 1.57%). After onion plant was harvested, the total N and organic carbon content of T-1,2,3,4 (OF-2, 6 kgha-1) are (0.06%, 0.22%, 0.22%, 0.23%) and (0.63%, 1.48%, 1.40%, 1.49%). Field studies showed that the fresh weight yield of chilli; T-1 (3988.12 kg/ha), T-2 (55331.59 kg/ ha), T-3 (61064.64 kg/ha) and T-4 (61396.98 kg/ha). The dry weight yield of chilli; T-1 (516.45 kg/ha), T-2 (8320.54 kg/ha), T-3 (9163.12 kg/ha) and T-4 (10185.49 kg/ha). The yield of the onion; T-1 (16710.57 kg/ha), T-2 (53116.07 kg/ha), T-3 (54010.45 kg/ha) and T-4 (51280.26 kg/ha). From the field work investigations, it was observed that rice straw based organic fertilizer promoted plant growth, and also enhanced the growth yield of the crops. The results indicated that the rice straw based organic fertilizer should increase soil fertility and was suitable for better production of chilli and onion. 2019
325 Myin Myint Khaing INVESTIGATION ON SOME PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND BIOACTIVITIES OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA L. (MYINTZU-THAKA-NATPAN) LEAVES Some phytochemical constituents from the leaves of Madhuca longifolia L. (Myintzu-tha-ka-natpan) and its biological activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Preliminary phytochemical tests have revealed that the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, ?-amino acids, organic acids, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, steroids and terpenoids in the sample. The leaves of sample was relatively high Ca, K and S according to EDXRF spectrum. In vitro antioxidant activities of 95 % EtOH and watery extracts from M. longifolia leaves were assessed by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay. IC50 values were found to be 6.64 ?g/mL for H2O extract and 3.62 ?g/mL for 95 % EtOH extract of M. longifolia leaf. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of PE, EtOAc, CHCl3, 95 % EtOH and H2O extracts from M. longifolia leaves were screened by agar well diffusion method on six species of microorganisms, namely Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameters were found in the range between 14-19 mm for ethanol extract, 15-17 mm except Pseudomonas aeruginosa organisms for PE extract, 12-16 mm except Escherichia coli for chloroform extrat , 13-15 mm for ethyl acetate extract and 11-27mm except Bacillus pumilus organisms for water extract. Therefore , ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities that followed by EtOH extract, PE extract, water extract and CHCL3 extract. Therefore, on the basis of the results that have been observed in the present study, it can be inferred that the leaves may have therapeutic potential as remedy by virtue of its biochemical activities. 2019
326 Ngu Wah Swe STUDY ON THE OPTIMAL LEACHING PARAMETER IN THE EXTRACTION OF SODIUM DICHROMATE FROM LOCAL CHROMITE ORE The chromite ores from Thabaitgine (Mandalay Region) and West Mindon (Magway Region) were analyzed and characterized by using conventional and modern instrumental analytical techniques. It was found that the chromite ore from Thabaitgine showed higher chromium content (Cr 63. 13 % of Cr2O3) as compared to West Mindon (Cr 41.33 % of Cr2 O3) chromite ore. Sodium dichromate was so prepared from Thabitgine chromite ore by leaching and pyrolysis method. The extracted compound was characterized by conventional and modern instrumental analytical techniques. The effects of raising temperature and duration of fusion time were studied to achieve maximum yield and purity. The optimal conditions, viz. the temperature at 900 ºC and leaching time of 7h, resulted in the yield of 89.30 % and purity % of 95.47. 2019
327 Nan Yin Yin Htwe PURIFICATION OF ARGINASE FROM EMBRYONIC AXES OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.) Merr. In this research, arginase was extracted from embryonic axes of soybean by using MnCl2 salt solution. Arginase (L-arginine amidinohydrolase, (EC 3.5.3.1) is a binuclear manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea. The arginase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the urea liberated. In diacetylmonoxime method for urea determination, the wavelength of maximum absorption of the colored product was found at 480 nm. The arginase activity was defined as micromole of urea liberated per minute per milileter of enzyme solution. The variation of arginase activity with growth day of embryonic axes of soybean was studied. The maximum arginase activity was found after five day of germination. In the determination of protein content is Biuret method, the wavelength of maximum absorption of copper protein complex was found at 550 nm. After chromatographic separation with Sephadex G-200 gel, the specific activity the relative purity of the enzyme increased about (15) folds from crude to final purification step. The homogeneity of the purified arginase was confirmed by non SDS-PAGE as a single band. In this research effect of metal ions ( K+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) on arginase activities were studied. The Mn2+ ion showed the largest activating effect on arginase activities. The presence of manganese ion is essential to get the stable structure of arginase enzyme proteins. 2019
328 Hla Hla Pyone Lwin ENZYMIC STUDIES OF &-AMYLASE FROM SUGARCANE LEAVES (Saccharum officinarum L.) In this research, &-amylase enzyme [EC 3.2.1.1] was extracted from sugarcane leaves (Saccharum officinarum L.) and the &-amylase activity was measured by Nelson-Somogyi method. The optimum pH and the optimum temperature were found to be 5.0 and 50.C respectively. The protein content of the enzyme was determined by using Biuret method. The purification of &-amylase extracted from sugarcane leaves was carried out by using ammonium sulphate precipitation method and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatographic method. The specific activity (the relative purity of the enzyme) increased about 7 folds from crude to final purification step. The homogeneity of the purified &-amylase was confirmed by non-sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (non SDS-PAGE). The purified &-amylase enzyme showed a single band on non SDS-PAGE. An estimated molecular weight of purified &-amylase from sugarcane leaves sample was found as 57543 Dalton. In this research, immobilization of purified &-amylase was carried out on oxycellulose support. Then the optimum pH, optimum temperature and storage stability of immobilized &-amylase were determined. The pH and temperature profile of free and immobilized &-amylase enzyme were very similar in nature. There were the same optimum pH 5.0 and optimum temperature 50°C. In the case of storage stability, the immobilized enzyme was more stable than free enzyme. During 15 days storage time at 4°C free &-amylase enzyme lost 49.39 % of original activity, whereas immobilized one lost only 4.56 % of original activity. 2019
329 Toe Toe Lwin EFFECTS OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON BANANA (Musa sinensis Sw.) This research deals with the study on the effect of y-irradiation on shelf-life extension and quality of banana by using Co-60 source. A bunch of mature green banana sample (Thi-hmwe-nget-pyaw) was harvested from Yay Thoe Kone Village (Hlapa Garden),Kangyi Daunt Township, Ayeyarwady Region. This sample was divided into three groups; control (non-irradiated) and irradiated with two doses of gamma radiation (0.25 kGy and 0.35 kGy). Induced radio activities of two types of the y-irradiated banana were monitored by using NaI (Tl) Scintillation Detector. The shelf-life of each y-irradiated banana sample was studied by assessing postharvest changes such as colour, ripening at room temperature. Effect of y-irradiation on nutritional qualities (moisture, ash, protein, fiber, fat, carbohydrates contents and energy value) and trace elements (K, Mg, Ca, Mn and Fe) was studied by AOAC methods and AAS method respectively. Effect of y-irradiation on some important physicochemical parameters of banana such as vitamin C, total acidity and pH was studied by using iodometric and acid-base titration method and pH meter respectively. From these studies, it was observed that the two types of y-irradiated samples (0.25 and 0.35 kGy) have no induced activity. The shelf-life of y-irradiated banana samples (0.25 and 0.35 kGy) ripened within 13 and 15 days at room temperature, respectively. Therefore, the shelf-life of banana was extended 6 to 8 days by y-irradiation. It was also found that nutritional qualities of banana are not effected by y-irradiation except a minor decrease in vitamin C content. The results suggest that y-irradiation can be extended the shelf life of banana without harmful for consumption. 2019
330 Thwe War Aung ASSESSMENT OF DRIKING WATER QUALITY FROM NATMAUK TOWNSHIP, MAGWAY REGION Unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in developing countries. In order to determine drinking tube-well water quality for human consumption, some physicochemical properties and bacteriological analyses were evaluated in drinking tube-well water from seven sites of Natmauk Township, Magway Region. The drinking water samples were collected from December, 2016 to November, 2017.The standard methods were used for the physicochemical analyses and compared with WHO standard values. The temperature values of drinking water samples were found to be within 28-30 oC. The electrical conductivity values of water samples were found to be (477-931) ?S cm-1. The total dissolved solids in drinking water were 200-400 mg L-1 and it do not exceed the WHO standard 1000 mg L-1. The turbidity of all water samples were found to be <5 FTU. This value agrees with the standard value. The observed pH values of water samples were in the range of 7.52 to 8.23. The total hardness, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chloride contents were determined. Some metals such as such as sodium, calcium, iron, manganese, cadmium and lead were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. Bacteriological analyses such as Coliform and E-coli were done. 2019