Research List

No.	Researcher	Title	Abstract	Year
2671	Swe Zin Oo1	FROM ENVIRONMENTAL RULE OF LAW TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MYANMAR*	Environmental rule of law can be defined as a system of practicable environmental laws which has significant impacts on the environment that are consistently applied, and effectively and fairly enforced. Effective enforcement of environmental laws is fundamental to the environmental rule of law. The failure of environmental regulations in developing countries owes to incomplete, superficial and ineffective legal provisions. The issue is further exacerbated by the ineffective enforcement of incapable regulatory institutions. Without effective enforcement of environmental laws environmental rule of law cannot be expected. As a developing country, Myanmar has encountered the same issues. This research paper critically analyzes the relation between effective enforcement of environmental law and the environmental rule of law in achieving sustainable development in Myanmar. This research is a doctrinal and textual analysis of the concept of environmental rule of law and its important role in promoting sustainable development of Myanmar by utilizing primary and secondary data on the enforcement of environmental laws in Myanmar.	2026
2672	Mar Mar Aye1	HOUSEHOLD COOKING FUEL USE PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS IN MYANMAR*	Choosing an appropriate types of cooking fuel is essential for safeguarding good health and enhancing the well-being of people in developing countries. In Myanmar, the majority of rural and urban households rely on solid fuels for cooking, and there are adverse effects of such solid fuels on human health and environmental sustainability. This study investigates the determinants of household cooking fuel choice using the data from the Myanmar Inter-Censal Survey MICS (2019). The principal component analysis, Pearson chi-square association test, and a binary logistic regression model are applied. It is found that 65% of households use unclean cooking fuels, but 35% of households use clean cooking fuels. According to the results of the chi-square test of association, age, gender, marital status, education, and occupation of household head, household size, wealth quintiles, location based on urban and rural, and location based on states and regions are related to household cooking fuel choice. Regarding the results of the binary logistic regression model, female headed households, married, widowed and divorced household heads, employed household heads, household heads with higher education, and rich households have a greater chance of using clean fuels. However, younger household heads, larger families and those residing in rural areas have less chance to use clean fuels.	2026
2673	Tin Nilar Aye1, Su Chan Myae2 & Phyu Zar Zar Theint3	A STUDY OF SCHOOL LEADERS� PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT*	This study aimed to study school leaders� participatory management and school improvement. A mix-method design was used. The survey questionnaire was developed by the review of literature. Fifty-six school leaders and four hundred and eighty-one teachers from 56 Basic Education High Schools in Yangon Region were selected as samples by using simple random sampling The content validity for the questionnaire was 0.95. The Cronbach�s alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The internal consistency (Cronbach�s alpha) for the level of practice was 0.96, the level of school improvement was 0.95 and the factors affecting school leaders� participatory management was 0.86 For the qualitative study, interview, observation and documentation was employed. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, and multiple regression were used to analyze the quantitative data. The result of the study showed that school leaders practiced participatory management to a moderate extent. Moreover, the level of school improvement was moderate. Leadership process, motivational forces, communication process and goal-setting process appeared to be predictors of school improvement. School leaders� attitudes towards participatory management, school leaders� workload, and school climate appeared to be predictors of participatory management. Qualitative study appealed that the level of school improvement would be higher when school leaders practiced more participatory management. Keyword: participatory management, school improvement	2026
2674	May Kyi Soe1, Khin Hnin Nwe2	A STUDY OF STATISTICAL AND THEMATIC ANALYSES OF THE REPORTED EFFECT STRESS ON ADOLESCENTS*	The main aim of this study was to examine the situations of stress of adolescents who are in higher education setting from different institutions in Myanmar. In addition, the study explored the causes of stress experiencing among university students by thematic analysis. In this study, mixed method was applied and descriptive and thematic analysis were executed. For quantitative phase, a total of 1100 participants (first year students) from seven universities were selected by using multistage sampling technique. Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen & Williamson, 1988) (Cronbach�s alpha = 0.82) was used to measure the students� perception of stress. For qualitative phase, individual semi-structured interview was administrated with 48 severe stress of adolescents. According to the descriptive statistics results, the stress of adolescents in Myanmar were satisfactory. According to the results of independent samples t-test, it was found that there were significant differences in adolescents� stress by gender and career choices. Moreover, the ANOVA results revealed that there were also significant differences in adolescents� stress by family types. However, there were no significant differences in adolescents� stress by age according to the ANOVA results. Thematic analysis results highlighted two main themes: learning-life unbalance and fear of failure. These themes are discussed in terms of possible risk factors concerning adolescents� mental health. It is hoped this study to be of assistance in suggesting to offer stakeholders and parents the opportunity to explore areas of focus and improve adolescents� mental health which can benefit in building the nation in which mentally healthy citizens are living.	2026
2675	Aung Than Htwe1, May Thazin Kyaw2	PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITOSAN -LIGNIN BIOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM WASTE OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA LEAVE AS DOXORUBICIN LOADED ANTICANCER DRUG CARRIER AGENT*	Doxorubicin (DOX) is known to be an effective treatment for various cancer types, including breast and ovarian cancer. In this paper, chitosan-lignin biocomposite particles are prepared by combining chitosan and lignin. Lignin is extracted from the waste of Terminalia catappa leaves. The obtained chitosan-lignin (CSLN) biocomposite particles were used as a potential candidate for controlled release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The CSLN biocomposite was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGDTA, and UV-vis. The FTIR data confirmed the formation of chemical bonds between the components of the obtained composites. The SEM data demonstrated that the lignin introduction had caused significant changes in the surface morphology of biocomposite. These biocomposite materials have been studied as a function of lignin, indicating that the thermal stability of the chitosan gel is enhanced. Furthermore, the samples were assessed for gel content, swelling properties, and drug release. The swelling and drug release profiles revealed that the amount of drug released and swelling of the composite depended on the CS content, LN content, and pH of biocomposite content. Prolonged and more controlled drug releases were observed for CSLN, which increased with the rise in CS content. The highest loading capacity of DOX was 0.0242 g/g for CSLN (70:30). The strong pH-sensitive behavior of DOX was also verified by its release profile. The prepared CSLN biocomposite thus can potentially be used as an effective and viable DOX carrier. These findings suggest that lignin obtained from waste of Terminalia catappa leaves could be utilized to enhance chitosan characteristics, decrease agricultural waste dumping, and reduce the load of doxorubicine.	2025
2676	Mang Sial Thang1, Mya Thandar Aung 2, Ye Myint Aung 3	AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON MICROPLASTICS AND HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN KALAY CITY'S ROADSIDE SOILS*	Microplastics (MPs) are pollutants a growing environmental concern, particularly in soils, where their impacts on ecosystems and human health at risks. This study examines roadside soil contamination in Kalay Township, Sagaing Region, focusing on MPs and heavy metals. Ten soil samples were collected in 2021, and SEM-EDX analysis revealed varying concentrations of silicon, iron, and calcium. AAS confirmed calcium, iron, and potassium presence, with concentrations up to 57.40 ppm. Polyethylene (PE) was the most prevalent type of microplastic (66 %), followed by polypropylene (PP) (30 %), with an average of 92 pieces/Kg of dry soil. MPs primarily appeared as fragments (96 %), ranging between 1000 1500 �m in size. MPs can adsorb potentially toxic elements (PTEs), facilitating their movement in soil and increasing human health risks. This combined contamination poses significant dangers, leading to bioaccumulation of toxic metals, potentially causing organ damage and developmental disorders. The study emphasizes the urgent need for policy interventions, advocating for circular economy strategies and the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, and recycle) as critical measures to combat soil pollution and protect public health.	2025
2677	Mya Theingi1	PREPARATION OF ALGINATE-CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE HYDROGEL BEADS FOR CONTROLLED RELEASE OF COPPER OXYCHLORIDE*	In the present study, controlled release formulations have been developed by encapsulating the fungicide, copper oxychloride, for reducing the environmental impact of fungicides within the macromolecular network of alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose based microspheres. Alginate carboxymethyl cellulose beads were prepared in three formulae with various concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (SACMC I for 0.25 %, SACMC II for 0.5 %, and SACMC III for 1 % w/v) as a copolymer of sodium alginate and calcium chloride as a cross- linker. The chemical structure, morphology, and thermal properties of the prepared hydrogel beads were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT IR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Simultaneous Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA), respectively. The swelling ratios of the prepared hydrogel beads were studied by the ASTM method, and the maximum swelling ratio of the SACMC I sample was found to be 80 %. In most of the formulations, the release efficiency of copper oxychloride from the SACMC II sample was 13 % within 7 days. The results were fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics model and the diffusion exponent �n� for all samples were found to be less than 0.89, which shows that the release of fungicides from the samples was diffusion mechanism.	2025
2678	Theint Thu Thu Naing1, Kay Khine Win2, Thinn Myat Nwe3	IN VIVO AND VITRO ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC EFFECTS AND STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM THE BARK OF Muntingia Calabura L.*	One of the medicinal plants, namely Muntingia calabura L. (Hnget Thagya), belonging to the family Muntingiaceae was selected for pharmacological activity. Glucose uptake capacity by yeast cells of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were evaluated by using yeast cell model. Ethyl acetate extract showed the highest efficiency (84.99 � 0.37) % and ethanol extract also showed the highest efficiency (64.95 � 1.47) % at 25 mM of glucose solution. Thus, the ethyl acetate extract is more effective than ethanol extract. It was also found that the percent of glucose uptake by yeast cells increased at different glucose concentrations in both extracts. Furthermore, the antihyperglycemic activity of ethyl acetate extract was determined by using adrenaline induced mice model. Ethyl acetate extract showed decrease in blood glucose levels for test animals within 90 minutes to 225 minutes. Moreover, structural elucidation of organic compound from the extract such as ?-sitosterol, gallic acid and catechin were performed by using advanced spectroscopic methods such as FT IR, 1 H NMR (600 MHz),13 C NMR (150 MHz), DQF-COSY, HSQC and HMBC spectral data respectively.	2025
2679	Cho Cho Win1, Khin Chaw Win2, Myint Myint Khine3, Ni Ni Than4	COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SCOPOLETIN, EURYLENE, AND CANTHIN-6-ONE ISOLATED FROM EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA JACK ROOTS AND CRUDE EXTRACTS COLLECTED FROM MYANMAR AND MALAYSIA SAMPLES	The research compared some compounds and some bioactivities of yellow roots of Eurycoma longifolia Jack from Myanmar and Malaysia. Various phytochemicals were identified, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, organic acids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, starch, saponins, and reducing sugars. Cyanogenic glycosides and tannins were not found in the yellow roots from both samples. TLC profiles revealed the presence of coumarins, alkaloids, and terpenoids in yellow roots from both regions. HPLC profiles showed identical retention times for methanol extracts of both samples with the isolated compounds El-a (scopoletin) and El-b (eurylene). Four compounds (?-sitosterol, canthin-6-one, scopoletin and eurylene) were isolated from both selected samples. The isolated compounds were characterized by various physicochemical properties (co-TLC, melting point) and structurally identified using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI-MS, and LCMSD-Trap SL spectroscopic methods with comparisons to reported data. In antimicrobial tests, ethyl acetate extract from Myanmar exhibited significant activity against Candida albicans (32 mm), while watery extracts from Malaysia showed no antimicrobial effects. Cytotoxicity evaluation using a brine shrimp assay indicated no strong cytotoxic effects for the crude extracts. Antiproliferative activity was observed in ethanol extracts from yellow roots against lung (A549), cervix (HeLa), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells, with promising activity in Malaysian samples against cervix cancer.	2025
2680	Nway Oo Lwin1, Saw Hla Myint2, Win Pa Pa3, Hnin Hnin Than4, Nwe Nwe Aung5	INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF CORN STALK BAMBOO COMPOSITES FOR SUSTAINABLE NEWSPRINT PAPER	The bamboo and corn stalk and samples were collected in Min Hla Township (Lower Myanmar), Bago Region, prepared, and chipped. The physicochemical properties such as pH, solubility, moisture, lignin, holocellulose, cellulose, silica, and ash of raw bamboo (RB) and raw corn stalk (RC) were determined. Pulp was prepared from corn stalk chips by using Kraft pulping process chemical ratio of 16% of NaOH and 18% of Na2S, chips to liquor ratio (1:4), and cooking time (90 min). Pulp was prepared from bamboo chips by the Kraft pulping process using a chemical ratio of 18% NaOH and 20% Na2S, chips-to-liquor ratio (1:4), and cooking time (120 min). Chemical properties of pulps such as moisture, lignin, residual alkali, pulp consistency, �SR (schopper degree), fiber length, pulp yield, and Kappa number were determined by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) test methods. The pulps were bleached with NaOCl. Composite papers were prepared using 50% bamboo and 50% corn stalk (BC-1) and 30% bamboo and 70% corn stalk (BC-2). Mechanical properties such as thickness, breaking length, tensile strength, folding, tear index, moisture, water absorption, and basis weight of corn stalk, bamboo, and BC-1, BC-2 were determined by the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) test methods. The corn stalk, bamboo, and BC-1, BC-2 were characterized by an optical microscope.	2025

Research Publications

Myanmar Academy of Art & Science List of Research