Research Publications

Academic theses and dissertations are regularly published and widely disseminated in YUOE Journal, Monographs, Universities Research Journal (URJ), Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (MAAS) Journal, AsTEN Research Journal and International online Journals for sharing knowledge and contributing to the development of our education.

Myanmar Academy of Art & Science List of Research

No. Researcher Title Abstract Year
2551 Zin Mar Oo1 LEGAL STUDY ON JUS COGENS NORMS Jus Cogens means the compelling law and as such, a jus cogens holds the highest hierarchical position among all other norms and principles. As a consequence of that standing, jus cogens could be a exceptionally capable and contested concept in international law. According to the Vienna Convention on the law of Treaties, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm accepted and recognized by the whole international community of states. It also reflects the constitutional norms of the international community as a whole. These norms can be found in the Charter of the United Nations and also many multilateral treaties, especially those concerned with human rights, contain peremptory norm and which are non-derogable. State Practice and decisions of International Court of Justice confirmed the prohibition of genocide, slavery, torture, racial discrimination and the right to life as having the character of jus cogens. From the identification of jus cogens norms, there may be an impact of peremptory norms on state and official immunities and the immunity of international organizations. 2025
2552 Aye Mar Win1, May Thazin Oo2 ANIMAL WELFARE: PROTECTION ON WORKING ANIMALS Animal welfare refers to the overall physical and emotional well-being of an animal in the environment it inhabits and during its life and death. An animal's welfare is considered good if it is in good health, comfortable, well-nourished, safe, free from suffering such as pain, fear, and discomfort, and able to exhibit behaviors essential for its physical and mental well-being. In numerous low and middle-income countries, individuals rely significantly on draught animals. Approximately 95% of animal caretakers live in extreme poverty, making working animals their most valuable and cherished possession. They empower their owners to engage in labor, enhancing their economic capabilities, while also advancing gender equality, facilitating access to crucial services, and offering chances to engage in cost-saving programs. Around 100 million working animals play a crucial role in agricultural systems, providing income for their owners and helping save approximately 20 million tons of fuel annually. The impact of legislation on animal welfare is contingent upon the actions and decisions made by the owner in using and maintaining the animals. Regardless of legislation, numerous individuals have criticized actions deemed as cruel to animals. Animals utilized by humans should not be seen as mere objects but should be safeguarded from any activities that could lead to their misery. This issue is ancient and prevalent throughout human culture. The study intends to assess the compatibility between reaching the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and enhancing animal welfare for working animals. The document aims to acknowledge the crucial role of working animals in reducing poverty, eradicating hunger, controlling disease spread, and addressing environmental concerns. The research emphasizes the importance of safeguarding the well-being of working animals by asserting that "assisting animals equates to assisting people." 2025
2553 Khine Wai Lin1 LEGAL PROTECTION ON GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN ASEAN COUNTRIES Geographical indication is a symbol utilized on commodities that have a distinct topographical source and have characters or prominences that are because of that source. This paper describes why geographical indications are important to ASEAN countries, why we should protect geographical indications, and how we can protect geographical indications. The TRIPS Agreement, Madrid Agreement and Lisbon Agreement provide for the protection of geographical indications. In Myanmar, it should be raised legal awareness about valuable geographical indications more and more; effective implementation of cooperation with important organizations and industries is also needed for the protection of geographical indications. It should be enacted sui generis legislation for the protection of geographical indications in Myanmar. 2025
2554 Aye Moh Moh Tun1 A CRITICAL REVIEW ON BENEFITS FOR EMPLOYMENT INJURY IN MYANMAR This research will focus on the benefits for employment injury under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 and the problems of not losing worker’s rights in the injury case. Employment injury means a worker who suffers injuries by an accident arising out of and in the course of employment. A safe and healthy working environment is very important for the worker. It is the duty of the employer and the worker. On the part of the employer, they need to provide a safe and healthy working environment for the prevention of danger to their workers. Similarly, every worker has to abide by the workplace rules and disciplines. In the analytical study, in Myanmar, if a worker is caused by injury at work, he has the right to file for workers’ compensation. His employer shall be liable to pay compensation under the provisions of the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 if an injured worker is not covered by the Social Security Law, 2012. Under the Social Security Law, 2012, if a worker is an insured person, he or she has the right to enjoy benefits prescribed by the Law. However, there is a situation that cannot be entitled to receive compensation or enjoy benefits. As a result of this study, the amount of compensation payable is inadequate and insufficient for the current situation. Relating to the amount of compensation, the provisions of the amount of compensation under the Bill of Workmen’s Compensation Law, 2018 is more than the amount of compensation under the Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923. 2025
2555 Cho Cho Thin1, May Thu Rein Oo2, Aye Aye Khaing3, Kay Lwin Tun4 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIVE FEEDS ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, SURVIVAL RATE AND NUTRITIONAL PROFILES FOR EARLY LIFE STAGES OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) (LINNAEUS, 1758)* The success of larval rearing depends mainly on the availability of optimal diets during their growth stages. Live feed is considered to be critically important for larviculture of aquatic animals. Different live feed will affect the growth and survival rate of fish larvae. The objectives of present study are to assess the growth and survival rate of Tilapia fingerlings feeding on the different live feed and to analyze the nutrient composition (moisture, protein, lipid, and ash) of Tilapia treated with three kinds of live feed. The research was carried out in the Wet Lab and Live food Laboratories, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, University of Yangon. Three kinds of live feed, freshwater rotifer, water fleas (Moina), and Haematococcus sp. were used in the present study. Firstly, three kinds of live feeds were inoculated to obtain the sufficient amount of feed for the experiment. Rotifer species were fed on Chlorella sp. during the culturing period. Similarly, Moina species was cultured by using shrimp powder and rice bran (1:1) as feed in this species. Haematococcus sp. by using nutrient media. Tilapia fingerlings were introduced with different livefood after completing the mass production of live foods. Three experimental designs were set up for Tilapia culture. Experiment I was fed with Rotifer, experiment II with Moina while Experiment III was treated with Haematococcus sp. Each experiment was set up in triplicate. A total of 25 fingerlings were introduced in each tank for rearing period 35 days. Sampling was carried out at seven days interval. The highest length-specific growth rate was observed in the group fed with Moina (1.546%), followed by the Haematococcus-fed group (1.343%), and, in turn, the Rotifer-fed group (0.864%). The maximum weight-specific growth rate was observed in the Moina-fed group (5.254%), followed by the Rotifer-fed group (4.769%), and then the Haematococcus-fed group (4.508%). There was no significant difference on both specific growth rate (length and weight) and the survival rate of Tilapia fingerlings among the various treatments. The nutritional composition (moisture, protein, lipids, and ash) of Tilapia fingerlings varied with different live feed. According to the result, Moina is considered as the most appropriate live food when they were tested. 2025
2556 San Htet San1, Yu Yu Aye2, Kay Lwin Tun3 EFFECT OF FEEDING FREQUENCY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GIFT TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS LINNAEUS , 1758) IN DEEP WATER CULTURE AQUAPONICS SYSTEM* Aquaponics integrates aquaculture and hydroponics into a common closed-loop eco-culture where a symbiotic relationship is created in which water and nutrients are recirculated and reused, concomitantly fully utilized and conserved. In this study, GIFT Tilapia (Oerochromis niloticus) (2.8 ± 0.5g) collected from Hlawga Hatchery Station; Yangon which was cultured with different feeding frequency in DWC aquaponics systems to investigate the appropriate feeding frequency for optimal growth of GIFT tilapia. These experiments were divided into three treatments on the basis of feeding frequency (2 times (2T), 3 times (3T) and 4 times (4T)) per day respectively, having three replications. Then 24 seedlings of lettuce were introduced aquaponic system. Fish were fed floating pellet for 5 % of body weight. Fish were cultured from July to November, 2022. The highest total mean weight was found in 4T (356 g), followed by 3T (326 g) and 2T (281.6 g) respectively. The highest final weight gains were recorded in 4T (219.6 g) while the lowest weight gain in 3T (186 g) followed by 2T (161 g) in the end of experiment. In November, the highest FCR was found in 2T (1.1) while the lowest FCR was recorded in 4T (0.9) followed by 3T (1). High specific growth rate (11) was found in 4T treatment in two production cycles. For plant quality index, the highest number of grade A plants were observed in 4T. However, 12 and 13, Grade B plants were found in 2T, 3T and 4T in first and second harvest times. According to this study, it is understood that feeding frequency has an important effect on growth rate: 4T system shows the most favorable outcome for tilapia and lettuce than other frequencies. 2025
2557 Su Mon Theint1, San San HmwE2, Moe Thida Htway3 THERMAL INDUCED SPAWNING FOR LARVAL AND SPAT PRODUCTION PINCTADA MAXIMA (JAMESON, 1901)* Species Pinctada maxima (Jameson,1901) is one of four major pearl oyster species utilized by the cultured pearl industry for pearl production. They are rich in the banks of Mergui Archipelago in the Andaman Sea. Thermal stimulation is a successful spawning induction in all major commercial pearl oyster species in hatchery. In the present study, the induce spawning method on hatchery of gold-lip oyster and silver-lip oyster Pinctada maxima was used for larval and spat oyster culture conduction in Myanmar Pearl Enterprise, Pearl Island, Myeik Archipelago. Different developmental stages of larval oyster were found after the fertilization in the hatchery such as cleavage stage, trochophore stage, D-shape stage, umbo stage, eye-spot stage and spat stage, etc. the time was taken from the selection for mother oysters until the spat collection stage was for 22days. The measurements of larvae were 80-90 µm with the mean size 87.6 µm in gold-lip oyster and 90-110 µm with the mean size 105.2 µm in silver-lip oyster on six days after fertilization. After 20 days, the size of measurement was increased to 170-260 µm with the mean size 234.4 µm whereas 180-280 µm with the mean size 243.0 µm for gold-lip and silver-lip oysters respectively at the optimal environmental condition in hatchery. 2025
2558 Thidar Aung1, Thawdar Aung2and Win Win Mar3 INVESTIGATION ON MITOTIC DIVISION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES IN SILVER CARP HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX (VALENCIENNES IN CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, 1844) AND SILVER BARB BARBONYMUS GONIOTUS (BLEEK The silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and silver barb Barbonymus gonionotus belonging to family Cyprinidae were collected from Thatyetkone Fisheries Station, Mandalay Region, during January to August, 2022 to evaluate the mitotic check of cellular process. Various colchicine concentrations (CC) were injected below the pelvic fins depend on the fish weight (1 ml/100g). Liver, oral cells, kidney, heart, gill filaments and blood cells were extracted and treated with hypotonic solution (HS) 0.56 % KCL for various durations. In silver carp, the highest frequencies of metaphase stage 100 % (n=22) in kidney treated with CC 0.50 % for 5 hrs with HS for 1 hr, 81.25 % (n=13) in liver treated with CC for 3 hrs by exposing HS for 45 mins, 75.00 % (n=18) in heart with CC for 4 hrs and HS for 1 hr, and the lowest 47.83 % (n=11) in kidney with CC for 5 hrs with HS for 1 hr 30 mins. In silver barb, the highest frequencies of metaphase stage were 88.14 % (n=52) in gill filaments treated with CC 0.10 % for 2 hrs with HS for 10 mins, 79.17 % (n=57) in kidney treated with CC 0.10 % for 2 hrs with HS for 30 mins, 88.10 % (n=37) in gill filaments treated with CC 0.05 % for 5 hrs by exposing HS for 1 hr, 30.77 % (n=32) in kidney with CC for 6 hrs and HS for 1 hr, 12.50 % (n=8) in blood cells with CC for 4 hrs 45 mins with HS for 1 hr and the lowest 4.94 % (n=4) in oral cells with CC 0.30 % for 2 hrs with HS for 2 hrs 45 mins. These results will provide the foundation of genetic assessment in mitotic cell division of freshwater fishes. 2025
2559 May Thu Rein Oo 1, Cho Cho Thin2, Yu Yu Aye3, Kay Lwin Tun4 GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ROTIFER (BRACHIONUS SP.) USING DIFFERENT DIETS One of the rotifer species, Brachionus sp. plays an important role in aquaculture as live food for in the early larval stages of many marine and brackish water fish species. It is an excellent first food for larvae because of its relatively smaller size, slow swimming speed, habit of staying suspended in the water column, and ability propagation in captivity at high density and reproductive rate. Microalgae comprise the principal food component for most cultured rotifer. Many species of micro algae may be used for cultivation of the rotifers. In the present study, population growth and reproductive capacity of rotifer Brachionus sp. was evaluated for a period of eight day cultivation under three different feeding diet such as Nannochloropsis sp., Chlorella sp. and Chaetoceros sp.. The feeding density of each algae species was maintained similar as of (4.5x 106 cell/ml). The maximum mean population density of rotifer was observed in Treatment I (Chlorella sp.) (118.00 ± 1.00) compared to Treatment II (Nannochloropsis sp.) (45.00 ± 1.73) and Treatment III (Chaetoceros sp.) (42.00 ± 1.00) At the eight day of culture, the number of egg bearing rotifers was significantly highest (p <0.05) in those fed on (Chlorella sp.) compared to Treatment II (Nannochloropsis sp.) and Treatment III (Chaetoceros sp.). According to the present results, the marine Chlorella sp. is the best food for rotifers for the mass production. 2025
2560 July Maung Maung1, Hla Htet Soe2, Kay Lwin Tun3 IDENTIFICATION OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT GREEN MUSSEL FROM KYAUKPHYU, RAKHINE STATE USING MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACH The Asian green mussel is widely distributed along the Indo-pacific region, spanning from Japan to New Guinea and from Persian Gulf to South Pacific Islands. The objective of this research is to identify the green mussel species through a comprehensive approach utilizing both morphological and molecular analyses, specifically targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome “c” oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. The relation between shell length (mm), wet tissue weight (g), dry tissue weight (g) and sex of the green mussels were measured. Regarding sexual differentiation, high numbers of male green mussels were abundant than female green mussels. Genomic DNA was extracted using the pet NAD Nucleic Acid Co-Prep Kit, resulting in a sequence length of 660 base pairs (bp). The phylogenetic analysis of the specimens involved a comparison of their sequences with others deposited in GenBank, revealing a close clustering with Perna viridis species, supported by a robust bootstrap value of 100%. This discovery holds significance for taxonomic identification and contributes to the advancement of mariculture development. 2025