Research Publications

Academic theses and dissertations are regularly published and widely disseminated in YUOE Journal, Monographs, Universities Research Journal (URJ), Myanmar Academy of Arts and Science (MAAS) Journal, AsTEN Research Journal and International online Journals for sharing knowledge and contributing to the development of our education.

Myanmar Academy of Art & Science List of Research

No. Researcher Title Abstract Year
211 Si Si San SYSTEM OF TAXATION IN MYANMAR IN THE PARLIAMENTARY PERIOD(1948-1962) There are four broad goals that might be attributed to a reasonable system of taxation. This includes the maximization of official revenue, limiting the negative impacts on economic welfare and the promotion of equity and political stability. Taxation system has been introduced in Myanmar since the beginning of monarchial period. Generally the rate of taxation was basically based on Dathamabaga or Thathameda that is one tenth of the percent of the produce of its labour. In the British colonial period (1826-1948), four types of taxation system was found; taxation for central government in the India Empire, taxation for provincial government, taxation for municipal department and taxation for local government. After independence of Myanmar on 4 January 1948, Myanmar’s new government, an Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL) led by U Nu, faced horrendous difficulties because of internal insurrection in the country. The insurrection had substantial economic consequences its hit the government’s finance very badly. Thus, in order to maximize of official revenue in the country to cover deficient of government finance, AFPFL tried to introduce systematic and efficient system of taxation. New taxes such as commercial taxes and state lottery tax are introduced. As an attempt to examine how AFPFL Government introduced efficient system of taxation, what sorts of taxes were collected and how the rate of taxation was fixed on different kinds of taxes, this research paper, “System of Taxation in Myanmar in the Parliamentary Period (1948-1962)” is written. 2018
212 Tin Tin Win A STUDY ON THE CAUSES OF THE DISINTEGRATION OF HANTHAWADDY KINGDOM The Kingdom of Hanthawaddy was ruled from the 14th century by a dynasty of Mon Kings. Tabinshwehti occupied Hanthawaddy in 1539. He then attempted to create a united kingdom in which there was no discrimination. Although Tabinshwehti did not discriminate between Mon and Myanmar and gave favour and position equally to both, yet there were some Mons who remained dissatisfied and assassinated him on 1 May 1550. Following Tabinshwehti's death, the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy fell into disarray. Bayinnaung, after administering an oath of loyalty in the whole country, was able to unify the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy and extend it into the largest Kingdom in Southeast Asia. But the Kingdom came to a pitiful end. His son Nandabayin ascended the throne in 1581. The attempt of Bayinnaung and Nandabayin to maintain an extended empire, an area far more extensive than was needed for the stability of the Ayeyarwaddy Valley, was one of the causes of the collapse of the Kingdom of Hanthawaddy. In particular, there was no permanent army under the direct control of the King. What made it worse was that Nandabayin could not control his nucleus of manpower within the Mon region. He branded the Mons on the right hand with their name, rank and village; those who were too old for service were sent to Upper Myanmar, and sold in exchange for horses. He instituted a reign of terror among the Mons, executing them wholesale, and he horrified all by killing the pariah dogs in Bago. The final ruin of Hanthawaddy was brought about by the decline of agriculture and the disunity which developed in the reign of Nandabayin. 2018
213 Myo Win Nwe INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN EDUCATION IN MAWLAMYAING This paper is focused on the introduction of Western Education in Mawlamyaing during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, the Westerners began to expand towards Myanmar with three purposes which are referred to as 3M Policy that are foreign merchant, missionary and military. At the end of First Anglo-Myanmar War in 1826, the British occupied Yakhine and Taninthayi. Since 1827, the British made Mawlamyaing as the earliest capital of Taninthayi until 1852. Mawlamyaing became an interesting place for the missionaries to propagate Christianity. American Baptist missionaries firstly arrived at Mawlamyaing in 1827, Roman Catholic missionaries in 1828 and Anglican missionaries in 1833. Before the outbreak of Second Anglo-Myanmar War, Mawlamyaing was the headquarters of American Baptist Mission from 1827 to 1852 and the headquarters of Roman Catholic Mission from 1830 to 1856. Christian missionaries concentrated on the development of western education among the native people as an important groundwork for their missionary work. In order to do so they established the missionary schools. During the colonial administration, western education became popular, because western education gave the chance to the students to get employment in the Government Service. Missionary schools could introduce Western education and produce western educated persons to certain extent. Some of them could play vital role in nation-building of Myanmar in later period. 2018
214 Zin Min Myo Ma Ma Kyu Htwe A STUDY OF SOCIAL ANXIETY WITH RELATION TO SOCIAL AND ACADEMIC FUNCTIONING OF ADOLESCENTS The present study was intended to explore social anxiety as an important factor for understanding the relationship between social and academic functioning of adolescents. The numbers of subject were 300 subjects. Two types of questionnaires namely social anxiety scale (SAS) and social functioning questionnaire (SFQ) were used in this study. Only in the 9th grade, there was no relationship between academic functioning between social anxiety. For 10th grade, there was relationship between academic functioning and social anxiety. It showed that there was negative correlation between social anxiety and over all academic subjects. All urban area and rural area adolescents in this study have no differences in social anxiety. 2018
215 Oak Soe San EU’s CHANGING POLICY TOWARDS MYANMAR SINCE 2011 In the agenda of Myanmar’s domestic politics, military has been directly or indirectly involved in control of the state’s power. Myanmar elicited the imposition of sanctions by the EU along with other Western actors due to the military government negation on the results of 1990 election which was won by National Leagues of Democracy (NLD). Since the inauguration of President Thein Sein in March 2011, Myanmar opened up to the outside world by liberalizing economically with the relaxation of many authoritarian controls and also announced overall reform strategies. These reforms enabled Myanmar to mend its deteriorated relations with the West, particularly EU and the US. It was against this backdrop that EU lifted its sanctions on Myanmar in 2012 and finally suspended them (with the exception of the arm embargo) on 22 April 2013 by guiding Comprehensive Framework. Nation-wide free and fair elections in November 2015 embarked again an important milestone in the transitional process of Myanmar and landslide victory for the NLD, led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. In this context, EU consistently shows her cooperative approach to Myanmar’s new civilian administration. Based on this background, this study will analyze the manifestation of the EU's roles under specific policy actions on Myanmar. It is also interesting to find out what are the driving forces and motivations of the EU’s policy shift on Myanmar. 2018
216 San San Tin ASEAN-US RELATIONS UNDER OBAMA ADMINISTRATION The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established in 1967 has become the centerpiece of the construction of a regional architecture in the Asia- Pacific region. ASEAN as an organization seeks to balance external actors in the region while seeking to avoid antagonizing great powers. In the post-Cold War period the US policy has little interests in Southeast Asia. However, ASEAN’s relation with the US has evolved due to China’s expanding influence on ASEAN countries and US’ policy change. ASEAN and the US share a mutual interest in preventing conflict and maintaining the independence of regional states. The US under the Obama Administration has explicitly expressed intent to pay greater attention to Southeast Asia and work with ASEAN, to cooperate on issues of mutual interests. The US’s re-engagement with ASEAN allowed America to become directly involved in regional institutions. Thus, the purpose of this research paper is to explain only the changes in ASEAN-US political relations. This research is conducted with documentary analysis and archival research method which relies on both primary and secondary sources. This research, divided into three parts, discusses Obama’s policy change in ASEAN-US relations, explains China factor in ASEAN-US relations and explores Myanmar issue in ASEAN-US relations. And the paper points out that why ASEAN and the United States tried to extend their political relationship under the Obama administration. 2018
217 Zin Mar Htwe MYANMAR-UNITED STATES RELATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER 2015 ELECTION This article analyses Myanmar-US relations before and after 2015 election. After the military government's suppression on the 1988 democracy uprising, Myanmar-US relations were strained for over two decades. This situation gives China better opportunities to expand her political and economic linkages over Myanmar. In the meanwhile, at the regional circumstance, China's growing influence in Asia made greater concern for US to reconsider its role and security interests in the region. In 2009, with President Obama's 'Pivot to Asia" policy and with the success of Myanmar's democratic transition under the civilian government, Washington reconsider and reviewed its foreign policy towards Myanmar. Under such situation, bilateral relations gradually improved and finally tended to normalized relations. After 2015 election, NLD led by Daw Aung San Su Kyi become a democratically elected civilian government. Therefore, it can be assumed that NLD government will focus on the closer relations with US. However, Daw Aung San Su Kyi as a new Foreign Minister paid the first official state visit to China instead of US. This research will explain why did Myanmar pay first state visit to China? How would it make impact on Myanmar-US relations? What are the effects of US new President Trump's foreign policies on Myanmar and future of Myanmar- US relations? What will be the challenges in improving Myanmar-US relations? 2018
218 Than Than Thein TERRACOTTA VOTIVE TABLETS OF S’RIKSETRA Sri Ksetra is one of the ancient cities of Pyu in Myanmar. It is situated at the present village of Hmawza, about 5 miles southeast of modern Pyay, Bago division between lat 18º 50' N and long 05º 20' E. It was built in 101 Buddhist Era (443 BC) and the people of Sri Ksetra became Buddhists before the Christian Era. It had favorable geographical condition for internal trade as well as trade with other foreign countries. By trade relation with India, Sri Ksetra received Therav?da Buddhism from Southern India at least as early as the 5th or 6th century AD. Besides, Mah?y?na Buddhism was introduced to Sri Ksetra from Northeastern or Eastern India after 6th century AD and between 6th and 9th century AD, Therav?da Buddhism and Mah?y?na Buddhism flourished side by side in Sri Ksetra. 2018
219 Khin Than Aye THE VEHICLES OF GOD AND GODDESS (HINDU RELIGIOUS) This paper is ‘The Vehicles of God and Goddess (Hindu Religious)’. The aim of paper is different type of Hindu cults and their important of Hindu culture were described in archaeological point of views. In ancient day of India, most of the people worshiped so many gods and goddess. They believed the ‘deva’. Each deva had their own vehicles. According to the legend, they had 55 animals, now another have been found was ‘Black cat’. This finding cause there may be left a lot of animal to find out for Hindu vehicles. This paper present thinking and finding by archaeological point of view of Hindu custom and religion. 2018
220 Saw Tun Lin DERIVATION OF POTTED BELLY OR FAT MONK IMAGES IN MYANMAR The image commonly called fat monk, which is typically different from any other Buddha images and is frequently found in the relics chamber of ancient religious monuments in Burma. It is always in cross-legged seated posture with the hands usually in Dhy?na Mudr? or supporting his large belly. Not like the ancient Buddha images found in Burma, he has no ?r?? or u????a. He usually has long ear lobes, mostly touching to the shoulder, and has smooth bowl-like head with hair ending at the nape of the neck, but the head sometimes covers with snail curl or shaven head. The most prominent feature of the fat monk image is his protuberance belly, which looks like an obese man. He is normally with bare torso, but it is occasionally found with a robe. He generally seats on the double lotus throne, sometimes on a plain base. The images are usually small in order to enshrine them into relic chamber, and are made of stone, terracotta, bronze, silver or bronze-gilt, sometimes coated with lacquer and gilded with gold. Scholars have been controversial over who this fat monk was, and why Buddhists venerated him together with Buddha images in Myanmar. There have been considerable disputes over the definitions of fat monk image such as, Mi Lo Fo’ or Maitreya, Jambhala or Kubera, Gavampati, Moggall?na, and Saccakaparibajaka. Was it a Buddha or monk or divinity image, and what was his status in Buddhism of Myanmar? 2018